Central Eurasia: Making Markets Another look at the map
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators
Economist Intelligence Unit Democracy Index 2020
Source: EBRD Life in Transition surveys “Life satisfaction” refers to the proportion of respondents in each country who “agree” or “strongly agree” with the statement: “all things considered, I am satisfied with my life now”. This chart (and all the other charts based on LiTS data) uses survey-weighted observations. regional averages are based on simple averages of the country scores. “Western Europe” denotes the average of France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom in 2010 and the average of Germany and Italy in 2016.
I. The Fall of CommunismA. Contributing factors1. Soviet economic growth slowdown.2. East-West normalization, changing attitudes.3. Rise/fall of world energy prices, causing instability.4. Rise of labor movement in Poland, encouraged by Polish Pope.5. Soviet involvement in Afghanistan, causing social problems.6. Death of Tito, instability in Yugoslavia.7. Technological lead of industrial West and Asian NICs.8. Gorbachev’s glasnost, political reform, end Brezhnev doctrine.9. Chernobyl disaster (1986) and Armenian earthquake (1988).10. Yeltsin's attack on Party privilege.11. Failed coup attempt (1991), dissolution of Soviet Union.B. Lessons1. Fall of communism was result of many trends and events.2. Few problems that contributed to the fall of communism were quickly resolved by its failure.II. The Starting LineA. Historical advantages: background in Austro-Hungarian empire.B. Private sector development: Poland, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Bulgaria.C. Dominance of large firms, esp in Czechoslovakia.D. Military spending highest in Bulgaria, USSR, and Poland.E. Low unemployment, except in Yugoslavia.F. Largest budget deficits in USSR, Albania, Poland, Romania.G. Highest monetary growth and inflation in Poland and Yugoslavia.H. Signs of repressed inflation, monetary overhang, in all except Hungary.I. External debt heavy in Yugoslavia, Hungary, Poland and Bulgaria; light in Romania, USSR, and Czechoslovakia.J. Currencies were most overvalued—according to black market exchange rate premium—in Soviet Union and Romania; least overvalued in Yugoslavia and Hungary.III. Transition Tasks and StrategiesA. Tasks:1. Macroeconomic stabilization2. Price liberalization3. Privatization4. Military conversion5. Anti-monopoly reform6. Labor market reform7. Banking reform8. Financial market reform9. Tax reform10. Legal reform11. Social welfare reform12. Foreign exchange market reform13. Foreign trade reform14.
Foreign investment reform
|
1989 |
1995 |
2000 |
2005 |
2010 |
|
Albania |
5 |
60 |
75 |
75 |
75 |
Armenia |
10 |
45 |
60 |
75 |
75 |
Azerbaijan |
10 |
25 |
45 |
60 |
75 |
Belarus |
5 |
15 |
20 |
25 |
30 |
Bosnia/Hrz |
na |
na |
35 |
55 |
60 |
Bulgaria |
10 |
50 |
70 |
75 |
75 |
Croatia |
15 |
40 |
60 |
65 |
70 |
Czech Rep. |
5 |
70 |
80 |
80 |
80 |
Estonia |
10 |
65 |
75 |
80 |
80 |
Macedonia |
15 |
40 |
55 |
65 |
70 |
Georgia |
10 |
30 |
60 |
65 |
75 |
Hungary |
5 |
60 |
80 |
80 |
80 |
Kazakhstan |
5 |
25 |
60 |
65 |
65 |
Kirgiz Rep. |
5 |
40 |
60 |
75 |
75 |
Latvia |
10 |
55 |
65 |
70 |
70 |
Lithuania |
10 |
65 |
70 |
75 |
75 |
Moldova |
10 |
30 |
50 |
60 |
65 |
Mongolia |
0 |
40 |
60 |
70 |
75 |
Montenegro |
na |
na |
na |
na |
65 |
Poland |
30 |
60 |
70 |
75 |
75 |
Romania |
15 |
45 |
60 |
70 |
70 |
Russia |
5 |
55 |
70 |
65 |
65 |
Serbia |
na |
na |
na |
na |
60 |
Slovakia |
5 |
60 |
80 |
80 |
80 |
Slovenia |
10 |
50 |
65 |
65 |
70 |
Tajikistan |
10 |
25 |
40 |
55 |
55 |
Turkmenistan |
10 |
15 |
25 |
25 |
25 |
Ukraine |
10 |
45 |
60 |
65 |
60 |
Uzbekistan |
10 |
30 |
45 |
45 |
45 |
Competitive |
Well-governed |
Green |
Inclusive |
Resilient |
Integrated |
|
|
2019 |
2019 |
2019 |
2019 |
2019 |
2019 |
Estonia |
7.63 |
8.27 |
6.42 |
7.66 |
8.11 |
7.49 |
Slovenia |
7.09 |
6.65 |
7.08 |
7.35 |
7.73 |
7.14 |
Poland |
6.76 |
6.82 |
6.52 |
6.81 |
7.86 |
6.81 |
Slovak Republic |
6.76 |
6.21 |
6.87 |
6.54 |
7.97 |
7.10 |
Cyprus |
6.68 |
7.07 |
6.32 |
6.66 |
5.60 |
7.68 |
Latvia |
6.48 |
6.66 |
6.77 |
7.07 |
7.89 |
7.00 |
Hungary |
6.36 |
6.01 |
6.27 |
6.65 |
7.15 |
6.84 |
Lithuania |
6.27 |
6.85 |
6.63 |
6.94 |
7.34 |
7.05 |
North Macedonia |
6.02 |
5.57 |
5.16 |
5.90 |
5.93 |
5.75 |
Romania |
6.01 |
6.04 |
6.14 |
5.74 |
7.11 |
6.75 |
Russia |
5.83 |
5.90 |
5.09 |
6.83 |
6.42 |
5.00 |
Greece |
5.78 |
5.22 |
6.13 |
6.24 |
7.04 |
6.41 |
Bulgaria |
5.71 |
5.79 |
6.04 |
6.24 |
6.91 |
6.85 |
Croatia |
5.64 |
5.97 |
6.38 |
6.39 |
7.47 |
6.54 |
Montenegro |
5.44 |
6.11 |
5.41 |
5.98 |
6.44 |
6.15 |
Serbia |
5.36 |
5.52 |
5.79 |
6.16 |
5.86 |
5.99 |
Kazakhstan |
5.26 |
5.67 |
5.36 |
6.46 |
5.95 |
4.91 |
Belarus |
5.17 |
5.15 |
6.22 |
6.63 |
4.16 |
5.43 |
Albania |
5.14 |
5.11 |
4.49 |
5.31 |
5.22 |
5.66 |
Georgia |
4.98 |
6.40 |
5.32 |
5.14 |
6.19 |
6.35 |
Armenia |
4.97 |
5.78 |
5.72 |
5.97 |
6.40 |
5.45 |
Kosovo |
4.78 |
4.56 |
3.47 |
5.28 |
5.18 |
4.67 |
Ukraine |
4.77 |
4.78 |
5.87 |
6.21 |
5.67 |
4.75 |
Bosnia/Herzegovina |
4.68 |
4.53 |
5.20 |
5.48 |
5.91 |
5.08 |
Azerbaijan |
4.39 |
5.79 |
5.35 |
4.94 |
3.97 |
5.59 |
Moldova |
4.36 |
4.81 |
4.68 |
5.58 |
5.82 |
4.94 |
Mongolia |
4.22 |
5.11 |
5.36 |
5.19 |
5.37 |
4.53 |
Kyrgyz Republic |
4.04 |
4.12 |
4.48 |
4.62 |
5.12 |
4.92 |
Uzbekistan |
3.39 |
4.45 |
4.41 |
5.41 |
3.96 |
3.93 |
Tajikistan |
3.25 |
3.63 |
4.84 |
5.05 |
3.68 |
3.51 |
Turkmenistan |
2.81 |
2.28 |
4.09 |
5.41 |
3.21 |
3.97 |
The World Bank, doingbusiness.org
World Rank | Case-Fatality | Deaths/100,000 | |
2 | Czechia | 1.80% | 259.91 |
4 | Hungary | 3.30% | 235.1 |
5 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 4.00% | 219.56 |
6 | Montenegro | 1.40% | 217.56 |
8 | Bulgaria | 3.90% | 203.7 |
9 | North Macedonia | 3.00% | 199.24 |
10 | Slovenia | 1.80% | 198.32 |
11 | United Kingdom | 2.90% | 191.44 |
12 | Slovakia | 2.80% | 191.13 |
13 | Italy | 3.00% | 187.95 |
14 | United States | 1.80% | 171.49 |
21 | Croatia | 2.20% | 152.47 |
22 | Poland | 2.30% | 151.21 |
23 | Moldova | 2.20% | 150.57 |
26 | France | 2.00% | 146.6 |
29 | Lithuania | 1.60% | 131.2 |
32 | Romania | 2.50% | 127.69 |
34 | Armenia | 1.80% | 125.25 |
38 | Kosovo | 2.10% | 106.65 |
39 | Georgia | 1.30% | 103.4 |
40 | Latvia | 1.90% | 102.83 |
45 | Germany | 2.60% | 94.41 |
47 | Ukraine | 2.00% | 85.32 |
51 | Serbia | 0.90% | 81.05 |
52 | Albania | 1.80% | 80.38 |
57 | Estonia | 0.90% | 76.16 |
59 | Russia | 2.20% | 69.6 |
72 | Azerbaijan | 1.40% | 38.68 |
87 | Belarus | 0.70% | 24.61 |
88 | Kyrgyzstan | 1.70% | 24 |
93 | Kazakhstan | 1.00% | 17.85 |
104 | Norway | 0.70% | 12.87 |
106 | India | 1.30% | 12.45 |
118 | Japan | 1.90% | 7.37 |
147 | Uzbekistan | 0.80% | 1.92 |
170 | China | 4.70% | 0.35 |
177 | Taiwan | 0.90% | 0.04 |